Description

Hydrocephalus is a neurological condition in which there is abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles (fluid-filled cavities) of the brain. This causes the ventricles to enlarge, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potential damage to brain tissues. 🔹 Types of Hydrocephalus Communicating hydrocephalus – CSF flows between the ventricles but is not absorbed properly into the bloodstream. Non-communicating (Obstructive) hydrocephalus – Blockage in the ventricular system prevents CSF from flowing normally (e.g., aqueductal stenosis). Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) – Usually seen in older adults, with enlarged ventricles but normal CSF pressure. Congenital hydrocephalus – Present at birth, often due to developmental abnormalities. Acquired hydrocephalus – Develops later due to infections, trauma, tumors, or hemorrhage. 🔹 Causes Birth defects (e.g., spina bifida, aqueductal stenosis) Brain tumors Infections (meningitis, encephalitis) Intracranial hemorrhage Traumatic brain injury 🔹 Symptoms 📍 In infants Rapid head enlargement Bulging fontanelle (soft spot) Irritability, poor feeding Developmental delay Sunset sign (downward deviation of eyes) 📍 In older children & adults Headache (worse in the morning) Nausea, vomiting Blurred vision, papilledema Difficulty walking, poor coordination Urinary incontinence Cognitive decline 📍 In Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) Classic triad: gait disturbance, dementia, urinary incontinence

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